In addition, there are certain subjective tools such as the observer's assessment of alertness and sedation which are used. INRODUCTION: Bispectral Index is an objective tool to assess electroencephalographic activity and measure the effect of certain sedatives and hypnotics on the brain. This proposed CADI works efficiently to discriminate normal and CAD ECG classes for the any dataset with priory knowledge of the database. In addition, we have formulated and developed an integrated index called Coronary Artery Disease Index (CADI) for automated characterization of normal and ECG signals with CAD condition using a single number. Similarly, we have obtained 98.99% average accuracy, 97.75% sensitivity, and 99.39% specificity using DT classifier with 31 cumulant features. The proposed methodology has achieved 98.17% accuracy, 94.57% sensitivity, and 99.34% specificity, using KNN classifier using 13 bispectrum features. All ranked features are subjected to k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Decision Tree (DT) classifiers to obtain the highest classification performance. Then PCA coefficients are ranked using Bhattacharyya method, entropy, fuzzy Max-Relevancy and Min-Redundancy (mRMR), Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), t-test, Wilcoxon ranking methods. The features extracted are applied to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimension reduction technique. HOS bispectrum and cumulant features are extracted from each ECG beat. In this paper, 182,013 beats (137,587 normal beats and 44,426 beats with CAD) ECG beats are used. Therefore, this work proposes application of Higher-Order Statistics and Spectra (HOS) for an automated classification of normal and CAD conditions using ECG signals. Thus, computer-aided techniques are necessary for the automated characterization of CAD condition.
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However, faster and accurate identification of CAD from Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using manual interpretations is not an easy task to achieve. Early detection and treatment of this CAD condition is essential and may help in preventing it from progressing further. The ultimate goal of the cardiovascular specialist is to be able to perform a successful procedure while ensuring that the patient remains comfortable and has adequate pain control (Table 16.1).Ĭoronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the root cause for chain of catastrophic heart diseases such as Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Heart Attack (HA) and Heart Failure (HF).
Today these increasingly complex procedures are being performed on more acutely ill patients, presenting a challenge to provide adequate patient safety and achieve procedural success. Additionally, availability of and demand for these procedures has also grown, and they are now frequently performed on a routine or daily basis in most healthcare facilities. In this context, the complexities of some procedures have increasingly demanded that the management of patients undergoing them also evolves. Now it is a more elaborate suite that currently allows the application of multiple techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of a large number of cardiac diseases. Introduction Almost a century after the introduction of cardiac catheterization, and with the development of further interventional cardiology techniques, the cardiology suite has progressed from a solely diagnostic facility.
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