Prompted by Mahmud II in the early 19th century and further pursued by the Young Ottomans, radical changes were introduced in the Empire. Nonetheless, the Ottomans reformed, and despite the issues these posed on a local level - where tribal issues and a corrupt bureaucracy reigned supreme - light could be seen. An inability to effectively industrialize, constant foreign meddling in its affairs, and a troubling hold on a lot of its provinces meant that the Ottoman Sultanate had fallen back well behind the European powers by 1876. The 19th century brought great decline to the once prosperous Middle East. but at what cost? (1920-1925)īritish caricature: Abdülhamid II celebrates the Turkish victory in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the first Ottoman victory in an external conflict for decades, by asking "Who says Sick Man now?"
Under the grand vizier Mustafa Kemal Pasha, whose Ottoman People's Party has governed the country for the majority of the time since 1926, far-reaching reforms to centralize, modernize, and secularize the state have been pursued.
With a German victory on the Western Front, the Ottomans were largely able to restore their lost territory however, the effects of the war greatly destabilized and bankrupted the state and left it internationally isolated. The Ottoman armies performed poorly with British forces occupying large swathes of the Levant and Mesopotamia, but the Ottomans were able to prevent any advance into Anatolia before the end of the war. Under the Three Pashas, the Ottomans aligned with Germany and the Central Powers during the Weltkrieg. After mostly unsuccessful attempts at reform, the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 brought a new generation of radical modernists to power. With a history stretching back to the Middle Ages, the Ottoman Empire went into decline during the 19th century and saw much of its territory lost. It borders Bulgaria in Europe Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Persia in the east Jabal Shammar, Nejd and Hasa, Yemen, and Oman in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt, Cyrenaica, and the French Republic in Africa. The Sublime Ottoman State) is a large country in the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye, lit.
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